The Bad News...

I would like to forewarn you of the depression that writing this paper put me in, but I would still encourage you to read it. 

I don't actually know what this says because it's in Malayalam but I'm going to find someone who can translate it.

Female Foeticide and Social Justice

Violence against women is at a completely new level in India. Women face unequal, degrading and unjust treatment daily, but the bigger issue lies in how few women are given the opportunity to live. The declining sex ratio shows how women in India socially lack the right to life. Although the law does not allow sex determination tests, it is socially acceptable to find out the sex of the fetus for female abortion purposes. India is facing a serious decline in the life of women because they are not given a chance to live. Sex-selective abortions take place left and right throughout the country; there are no locational or characteristically determined boundaries to this practice. Doctors perform them for the financial benefit and families happily allow it to try again for a son. Women are not always forced into the abortion; the mother often feels she is “saving” the female from a life of hell. This is a serious issue rooted in the low status of women.

India has one of the worst sex ratios in the world. This may not be a new fact, but the sex ratio is declining. The UN reported that 7,000 fetuses are aborted daily (Sinha), and data estimates that there will be 20% more men than women in the next few decades (Pathak). By 2020, there will be 40 million unmarried young men in the country due to the adverse sex ratio (Bedi).  This is already having severe social consequences including the importing of brides from other states or nearby countries like Nepal. Marriage has a huge cultural importance in Indian society and without as many women to wed, violence against women is surely going to increase.

            Indian society views women as a financial burden; it is cheaper to abort a female fetus than to birth it, raise it, find a groom for it, and give it away with a large dowry. It is extremely important for a daughter to be married; a woman who marries gains identity, prestige, protection and a home. Unfortunately, marrying off a daughter means paying dowry. Dowry has been illegal since 1961 but it is still a contemporary practice. It is growing to be more expensive, lasting long after the initial marriage ceremony of the bride and groom. The rise of consumerism has caused greater demands from the groom’s family in terms of dowry. Dowry, associated as a tradition of the higher castes, is now being used by lower castes who are replacing their previous tradition of bride price (Grewal). This movement of Sanskritization has spread the practice and caused financial drain to many families. Dowry in a marriage is also seen as an act of honor, love and respect, which is partly why it remains in place today.

            Indians have been socially conditioned to have a son complex. This socially constructed belief slightly differs by region, but facts generally remain the same; sons are every family’s desire. They bring in money through employment and dowry from their bride; they will continue to take care of their parents through old age, financially and physically. If a girl is born to the family, the son will take care of his sister and assist in paying for her dowry. A son can also inherit the family name, family property and other inheritances that a daughter does not receive. The birth of a son is met with great celebration because the family will be rewarded a higher social status due to his birth. Additionally, a son has a greater chance of living abroad, which gives the family a higher status as well. The son is seen as valuable because of the finances and status symbol he provides; a daughter is not believed to bring either of these joys to the family. The son complex also has a religious foundation with the Laws of Manu depicting an ideal female as obedient and dependent on the care of a male (Grewal). With Christians and Muslims having normal sex ratios, the Hindu religion is an influencing factor in terms of the declining sex ratio in India (Sinha). Contrary to popular belief, the son complex is nonexistent in tribal areas. Rather, it is more prevalent with the upper middle class and elite. All India Shiite Personal Law Board (AISPLB) New Delhi spokesperson Khan said that in a recent survey 70% of female harassment comes from the elite and upper-middle class (Pathak).  

Innovative technologies have allowed for sex-selective abortions; female infanticide still happens but female foeticide has become more common because of early detection availability. Private sex-determination clinics began after government hospitals banned the practice. Sex-determination happens more often in urban areas than rural, with Delhi and Bombay as two popular places for the illegal practice (Patel).

            Why are doctors permitting these immoral practices? Medical ethics are thrown out the window in a $250 million dollar industry like SD tests and sex-selective abortions (Sinha). There is a variety of sex-determination tests performed regularly, with amniocentesis being one of the most popular. Nineteen seventy-five was the beginning of the development of amniocentesis to find fetal abnormalities/genetic conditions but due to its ability to determine the sex of the baby, it is now also used as a sex determination (SD) test. Amniocentesis is also cheaper in India than in other countries, making it easily available and affordable to many Indians who want it (Patel).  Ultrasound scanning, created for a similar purpose as amniocentesis, has also been transformed into a SD test; it has grown more prevalent because it is less invasive to the woman (Grewal). There are a variety of other SD tests including sonography, needling, fetoscopy, and chorion villi biopsy (Patel). Some doctors even misuse ultrasonography by performing the test before 12 weeks when they will not be able to tell the sex of the fetus; they can use speculation to determine the sex of the fetus. If they tell the parents it is a girl, truth or not, this influences the parents into having a sex selective abortion. Sonalda Desai has reported that there are posters in Bombay advertising sex-determination tests that read, ‘It is better to pay 500 Rs now than 50,000 Rs (in dowry) later’. (Grewal). The performance of these tests contributes to the practice of female foeticide; there is no need to give birth to the baby in order to find out its sex. Abortion is being used to eliminate long before birth, which can also have detrimental health effects on the mother.

            Sex selection before or after birth is prohibited by the 1994 Pre- Natal Diagnostic Techniques (Regulation and Prevention of Misuse) Act. It came into force in 1996, and two amendments have been added since then. An assessment of this act’s implementation in Delhi revealed that management and implementation was failing; low commitment or motivation, corruption and little knowledge about the Act’s provisions in clinics, the majority of citizens were unaware of the prohibition of the Act (Grewal). The lack of enforcement has caused the common citizen and doctor to disregard the legal rules on abortion. The punishment can be a fine of Rs. 10,000 or up to three years imprisonment (Grewal). Bedi terms the government’s neglect for this act as “organized medical crime”. Abortion was legalized in India in 1971 (known as the Medical Termination of Pregnancy Act) “to strengthen humanitarian values” (pregnancy can be aborted if it is a result of sexual assault, contraceptive failure, if the baby would be severely handicapped, or if the mother is incapable of bearing a healthy child) (Grewal). The state of Maharashtra in 1988 created a bill making sex determination tests illegal and advertisements for facilities with the test illegal. Although this is a step in the right direction, the bill has many limitations and does not address the whole of the issue (Patel). Most legality is useless in preventing sex selective abortions because of the filing of cases, long trial waiting times and lack of enforcement of the issue.

If female foeticide continues to occur at the current magnitude, the dwindling number of women will cause further social justice issues beside the lack of human rights for women. Due to a lack of available brides, kidnapping of women to be sold into marriage is bound to increase. With all these women ‘missing’, an increase in rape is likely, as well as a rise in the number of sex workers (Grewal). This scarcity of women is not going to increase females’ value or status. The genocide of the female race should be causing great alarm, especially since the effects are visible. Women already lack just treatment in many spheres of life across the world, but the right to live is definitely the worst of it. Much more needs to be done in stopping this practice. The mindset in India and across the world needs to change on the view of the female, and laws need stricter enforcement in order to be taken seriously. The action of female foeticide must be seen as having serious long term consequences, not just on the mother and the family, or on the female population, but on the whole world. 

But now you should watch this video and it will cheer you up a bit.